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Concerns have been expressed that gene patents might result in restricted access to research and health care. The exponential growth of patents claiming human DNA sequences might result in patent thickets, royalty stacking and, ultimately, a 'tragedy of the anti-commons' in genetics. The essays in this 2009 book explore models designed to render patented genetic inventions accessible for further use in research, diagnosis or treatment. The models include patent pools, clearing house mechanisms, open source structures and liability regimes. They are analysed by scholars and practitioners in genetics, law, economics and philosophy. The volume looks beyond theoretical and scholarly analysis by conducting empirical investigation of existing examples of collaborative licensing models. Those models are examined from a theoretical perspective and tested in a set of operational cases. This combined approach is unique in its kind and prompts well founded and realistic solutions to problems in the current gene patent landscape.

Genetics --- Licensure --- Models, Economic. --- Patents as Topic --- ethics. --- legislation & jurisprudence. --- Biology --- Embryology --- Mendel's law --- Adaptation (Biology) --- Breeding --- Chromosomes --- Heredity --- Mutation (Biology) --- Variation (Biology)

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In 1975, 50 year-old Americans could expect to live slightly longer than their European counterparts. By 2005, American life expectancy at that age has diverged substantially compared to Europe. We find that this growing longevity gap is primarily the symptom of real declines in the health of near-elderly Americans, relative to their European peers. In particular, we use a microsimulation approach to project what US longevity would look like, if US health trends approximated those in Europe. We find that differences in health can explain most of the growing gap in remaining life expectancy. In addition, we quantify the public finance consequences of this deterioration in health. The model predicts that gradually moving American cohorts to the health status enjoyed by Europeans could save up to $1.1 trillion in discounted total health expenditures from 2004 to 2050.

Life expectancy --- Chronic diseases --- Health promotion --- Medical economics --- Life expectancy --- Longevity --- Life Expectancy --- Cross-Cultural Comparison. --- Models, Economic. --- Longevity --- Life Expectancy --- Economic aspects --- Economic aspects --- Econometric models.

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Models, Statistical --- Costs and Cost Analysis --- Economics --- Models, Theoretical --- Statistics as Topic --- Health Care Economics and Organizations --- Epidemiologic Methods --- Health Care Evaluation Mechanisms --- Health Care --- Investigative Techniques --- Quality of Health Care --- Public Health --- Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Environment and Public Health --- Models, Economic --- Economics, Medical --- Cost-Benefit Analysis

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Colon (Anatomy) --- Rectum --- Medical screening --- Medical economics --- Publication Formats --- Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures --- Diagnostic Services --- Rectal Diseases --- Health Surveys --- Age Groups --- Models, Statistical --- Intestinal Neoplasms --- Social Sciences --- Public Health Practice --- Colonic Diseases --- Investigative Techniques --- Public Health --- Data Collection --- Preventive Health Services --- Intestinal Diseases --- Diagnosis --- Models, Theoretical --- Statistics as Topic --- Persons --- Gastrointestinal Neoplasms --- Publication Characteristics --- Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Health Services --- Health Care Evaluation Mechanisms --- Community Health Services --- Environment and Public Health --- Gastrointestinal Diseases --- Epidemiologic Methods --- Digestive System Neoplasms --- Named Groups --- Digestive System Diseases --- Quality of Health Care --- Health Care --- Health Care Facilities, Manpower, and Services --- Neoplasms by Site --- Diseases --- Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Neoplasms --- Colorectal Neoplasms --- Adult --- Congresses --- Mass Screening --- Models, Economic --- Economics --- Methods --- Medicine --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Oncology --- Cancer --- Economic aspects --- Mass medical screening --- Mass screening, Medical --- Medical examinations --- Screening, Medical --- Diagnostic services --- Health risk assessment

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Medical economics --- Medical economics --- Medical care --- Medical care --- Health facilities --- Health facilities --- Public health --- Delivery of Health Care --- Health Facilities --- Models, Econometric. --- Health Services Research --- Models, Economic --- Health Care Facilities, Manpower, and Services --- Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Patient Care Management --- Health Planning --- Biomedical Research --- Models, Statistical --- Health Care Economics and Organizations --- Health Care --- Research --- Health Services Administration --- Models, Theoretical --- Statistics as Topic --- Science --- Health Care Evaluation Mechanisms --- Epidemiologic Methods --- Investigative Techniques --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Quality of Health Care --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Public Health --- Environment and Public Health --- Models, Econometric --- Delivery of Health Care --- Health Services Research --- Health Facilities --- Computer simulation. --- Computer simulation. --- Utilization --- Computer simulation. --- Utilization --- Computer simulation. --- Cost effectiveness --- Computer simulation. --- Cost effectiveness --- Computer simulation. --- Econometric models. --- economics. --- economics. --- methods.